Green Synthesis and In Vivo Trials of Extract of Azadirachta indica Leaves and Bark

Abstract

The objective of this study is to investigate the pharmacological effects of Azadirachta Indica bark and leaves both in vitro and in vivo. The primary enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase, were initially tested against the extracts. Extracts with concentrations ranging from 1.25 mg/mL to 10 mg/mL were evaluated in various dosages. Ethyl acetate extracts from leaves and bark have demonstrated strong inhibitory actions against ? glucosidase and ?-amylase, outperforming the common medication Acarbose in higher concentrations. Further, these extracts showed a very low IC₅₀ value, indicating their high potency. In Antibacterial four pathogenic microorganisms were detected in nearly all leaf extracts. The MIC of each positive extracts was calculated and compared with standard drug ampicillin.  Ethyl acetate (EtAc) extract from leaves and bark has demonstrated the greatest reduction in glucose levels in Alloxan-induced diabetic rats during in vivo antidiabetic trials. Furthermore, the study notes that formulations of various extracts based on ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) have outperformed simple extracts. In leaves, ZnO base NPs had an overall anti-diabetic potential of EtAc>MtOH>n-Hex>DCM, but in bark, EtAc>DCM>n-Hex>MtOH. Both NPs and extracts shown equivalent efficacy in rat paw tests involving carrageenan-induced anti-inflammatory effects. ZnO NPs based on EtAc and DCM extract performed significantly better than other NPs. Results of analgesic activity using the tail immersion approach showed that extracts improved reaction times for pain reduction to a moderate degree, but their efficacy was lower than that of the control (Tramadol). The findings of additional studies on acute toxicity showed that the extracts were safe even when given in high doses (up to 2000 mg/kg). The presence of hydroxyl, amine, and carbonyl groups was verified by FTIR analysis of extracts and nanoparticles. According to the study's findings, A. indica leaves and bark extracts particularly those of EtAc and DCM has a great deal of potential for usage as natural medicines for pain, inflammation, and diabetes. The ZnO NPs of A.Indica leaves and bark extracts are further boosting the pharmacological potential of this plant.